PSG has now won the season-opening trophy on fourteen different occasions.
The Parisian giants required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past Marseille in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The European champions appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable win in the showdown featuring the French league winners and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring in the opening stages.
However, Marseille fired two times in the closing moments to take a shock lead. First, the English forward converted from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital leveler in the final moments to force the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping decisive attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty victory.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this competition for the 12th time in the last 13 years.